First, a caveat: Agriculture is too vast and complex a sector to be viewed only from the point of view of budget announcements and financial provisions. Let me, for the time being, ignore the impact of monsoons on agriculture as a natural phenomenon. Let us focus on government policy and implementation of various programmes.

  A number of government policy issues influence agriculture: The important ones  relate to (i) Water: maintenance and timely supply of water from canal irrigation systems, groundwater extraction, availability and tariffs of electricity for water pumps for agriculture (free, subsidised, differential), cost of diesel (tractors, pumps in non-electrified areas); (ii) Fertilisers: availability, price (subsidy regime), availability of organic manure and policy regarding its price and distribution; (iii) Price: Minimum Support Price (MSP) and procurement efficiencies in different producing regions. Intervention price policy for non-MSP crops; (iv) Price control measures: stock limits, export restrictions, duty-free or concessional-duty imports; (v) Credit: adequacy, availability and cost; (vi) Risk mitigation: effectiveness and coverage of insurance instruments, and price risk mitigation strategies.  The list can be longer. Suffice it to say that there are many other policy decisions which impact farmers’ incomes and agriculture more than the budget. With this caveat, I proceed to comment on the 2024-25 Budget from an agriculture/farmer perspective.

  Ms Sitharaman did emphasise the importance of agriculture in the beginning of her speech. Agriculture (productivity and resilience) was listed as the first priority among the nine identified priorities. I would have loved to see sustainability and farmers’ prosperity as two more keywords. They were sadly missing.

Let me examine the key announcements:

1. A comprehensive review of the agricultural research set-up and the setting up of a fund in challenge mode that makes private institutions eligible to access the fund. This has been a long overdue demand. It makes immense sense to broaden the research and development (R&D) base. Many policy experts have been arguing for increasing the outlay for R&D in agriculture and allowing institutions other than ICAR to participate. The immediate criticism could be that corporates will dictate the research agenda. Hold that argument for a minute: what about digital interventions, use of technology for better soil (fertility and moisture) management at farm level, nutrition linkage with food, micro weather forecasting, biotechnology interventions, watershed management experiments, and so on? The only caution should be on setting up the research agenda. My priority would be ‘sustainably increasing the incomes of the farmers’. Having endorsed the idea strongly, let me point out that the allocation for agri R&D in the budget is highly disappointing. A table later in the article has the numbers.

 2. Mission for oilseeds and pulses: This is another important initiative. India has struggled to increase the productivity of pulses and oilseeds. There have been earlier missions on pulses and oilseeds (ISOPOM). The pulses village programme of 2010 with a tweaking of ISOPOM did make an impact. The production of pulses increased from a stagnant 14.5mn tonnes in 2009 to 27.5mn tonnes in 2022, aided by an area increase from 23mn hectares (ha) to 31mn ha and a productivity increase from 630 kg/ha to 892 kg/ha. However, the area under irrigation for pulses still remains at a low of 23%. India needs to increase its production of pulses given our protein requirements. Oilseeds will continue to worry food policy experts. The area under oilseeds did increase from 26mn ha to 29mn ha during the same period. Productivity, however, increased from 1100 kg/ha to only 1292 kg/ha. Though production has marginally increased, India continues to import about 60% of its requirements. This import is of the order of 16mn tonnes against an ever-increasing demand, pegged at 29mn tonnes in 2022-23. The challenge will be to enhance production without diverting area from other crops (except maybe tobacco). The point to note is the absence of any ‘breakthrough’ R&D in pulses and oilseeds. Will the focus on R&D bridge this gap?

 3. Shrimp production & export: This is a scaling-up of a successful experiment put on the ground by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and the fisheries departments of coastal states, in particular Andhra and Tamil Nadu. This is a good example of export-market-led production process resulting in higher gains for shrimp farmers and better export earnings for the country. This is a well-conceived and closely-monitored production and processing chain. Care needs to be taken not to dilute any of the protocols put in place in the enthusiasm to scale up fast. Lessons learnt in coastal Andhra in aquaculture in the late Nineties need to be remembered.

 4. Peri-urban vegetable production clusters: The worry on food inflation, particularly vegetables, must have prompted this scheme. An earlier scheme on similar clusters did not yield spectacular results. Keeping production clusters close to urban consumption centres can ensure higher value capture through better market access and shorter value chains. Providing access to city markets through ‘farmers’ markets’ run by Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) could be considered as a part of the scheme. Making open urban spaces available for farmers’ markets on notified days should be part of the initiative.

 5. Digital public infrastructure (DPI): Farmers are yet to reap visible benefits from the many ‘versions’ of digital agriculture and agri-stack. The way to approach this should be from a ‘farmers’ use’ perspective. Which service does he access and how easy can it become? Let us consider easier access to credit, better risk cover, better value capture in markets, timely and usable information on weather, etc. as the primary ‘uses case’ scenario of DPI. Building an agri-stack for post-event analysis is good for researchers, but farmers will demand digital access to services on time. This re-prioritisation is a must.

 6. Natural farming: The proposal is to bring ‘one crore’ more farmers to the natural farming fold supported by certification and branding. Where will they be from? The obvious answer seems to be ‘rain-fed areas’. If that be so, what kind of incentives are planned? This is not clear. Maybe details will come from the Agriculture Ministry later. Both certification and branding are problematic. Certification can become a bureaucratic nightmare to farmers and branding is going to face immense challenges. Is ‘natural’ going to be different from organic? What will be the differentiator? This needs serious thinking across disciplines. The main focus of natural farming should be on a reduction in cost and increased biodiversity creating higher value for the farmer. This could, in addition, contribute to better incomes and nutrition. I would hope that this is not lost sight of. In any case, these farmers who have chosen not to use chemical fertilisers are deprived of incentives, while their counterparts elsewhere get free power and subsidised chemical fertilisers! If natural farming is to succeed, this policy needs a bold shift towards those who conserve natural resources.

 7. A National Cooperation Policy: I understand that a report is already with the government on a proposed National Cooperation policy. The Union Government must eschew any attempt at over-centralization. The Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) were encouraged under the provisions of the Companies Act after a prolonged consultation process. The constitutional amendments for the cooperative sector were intended to promote voluntary formation, democratic control, autonomous functioning and professional management. The policy should allow people to choose between a cooperative and any other collective (FPO) without any bias from the government. Most State governments have exhibited a tendency to ‘control’ (even interfere with) cooperatives, leading to the destruction of their business acumen and voluntary character. FPOs were considered to be an answer to this. Going back to the same model either at the state or at the central level will be counterproductive.

 The budgetary provisions for agriculture and allied sectors are estimated at Rs 1.52 lakh crore (as per the budget speech). This probably includes agriculture & farmers’ welfare, agricultural research, fisheries, dairy and animal husbandry, food processing and cooperation.

The agriculture ministry’s budget has a significant increase in the allocation for PM ASHA. The allocation is Rs 6,437 crore for this scheme, indicating a strong price support mechanism for pulses, oilseeds, potatoes and onions. In fact, this is the major increase in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MOAFW’s) budget. In addition, there is an enhanced provision of Rs 10,000 crores for Price Stabilisation Fund in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs. Together one can see a combined effort to ensure that farmers get MSP for pulses etc., while some consumers, at least, will be protected from price rise through price stabilisation. The difficulty, however, will be when both schemes operate in different silos.

Overall, the budget is about productivity and resilience, and misses out farmers’ welfare and sustainability. Some ideas are new and welcome, but these are not necessarily backed up with allocations. The design and implementation of existing and new schemes will decide the success or failure. Governance at the state level will be the game changer.

It is time to draw up a comprehensive strategy for the sector, outside of the budget.

Does the tenor of the budget speech indicate the happy beginnings of a consultative process with states and stakeholder institutions to redraw the strategy for agriculture?

Farmers are yet to reap visible benefits from the many ‘versions’ of digital agriculture and agri-stack. The way to approach this should be from a ‘farmers’ use’ perspective.

Does the tenor of the budget speech indicate the happy beginnings of a consultative process with states and stakeholder institutions to redraw the strategy for agriculture?